As tumor-associated Mφ (TAM) are often characterized as being M2-like, our studies lend scientific rationale in testing a CDK5/p35 inhibitor such as roscovitine or CYC065 in inhibiting TAMs ability to acquire M2-like function while maintaining plasticity towards M1-like phenotype within the TME for the promotion of anti-tumor immunity. This evidence concerns the gene CDK5R1 and neoplasm.