Of note, the net pro-tumor or antitumor effects of IFN-γ like that of many other cytokines is determined by a broader network of factors, including the tumor microenvironment (e.g., cytokine milieu, immune cell composition, hypoxia, and metabolic state), tumor type, and the timing and duration of IFN-γ signaling (acute versus chronic exposure) (65, 71, 72). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and neoplasm.