IBD patients may develop immunocompromised status due to pathological manifestations or immunosuppressive therapies (e.g., corticosteroids, anti-TNF-α agents), resulting in heightened susceptibility to viral infections (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and enteroviruses) (145, 146). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.