TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Recent studies highlight the therapeutic potential of medicinal fungi such as Hericium erinaceus, whose polysaccharides and alcohol extracts demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects in IBD models by modulating gut microbiota composition (e.g., increasing Lachnospiraceae and Eubacterium) and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α/NF-κB) while enhancing IL-10 production (122–124).