Moreover, as uncovered recently in an elegant piece of work by Gan and colleagues 123, GM-CSF-producing CD4+ T cells are integral to pro-inflammatory circuit that can sustain and amplify autoimmune responses through the signaling pathway involving GM-CSF, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related ligand (GITRL), and mTORC1, with the Sjögren's syndrome as a key example. Here, CSF2 is linked to Sjogren syndrome.