Previous studies have established that VISTA regulates anti-tumor immunity through multiple mechanisms, including promoting the metabolism and differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells 11, impairing toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and macrophage activation 12, and inhibiting anti-tumor T cell activation through cell surface protein LRIG1 engagement 8, 9, 13-17. This evidence concerns the gene VSIR and neoplasm.