KRAS and neoplasm: Yang et al. reported that RT substantially upregulated RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in tumor cells bearing KRAS mutation, thus triggering the dissociation of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) from Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) as well as facilitating NRF2 nucleus translocation, eventually enhancing the cellular antioxidant responses to attenuate post-IR apoptosis 35.