In various cancer entities other than prostate cancer, immune checkpoint molecules, particularly programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligands, programmed death-ligand 1 and 2 (PD-L1 and PD-L2), have been shown to play pivotal roles in tumor-mediated immune evasion mechanisms 5. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and Familial prostate cancer.