MTOR and osteosarcoma: PDGFRB encodes a cell-surface tyrosine kinase receptor that, in osteosarcoma HOS cells, drives aerobic glycolysis through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/c-Myc pathway while preserving ΔΨm (Tang et al., 2022; An et al., 2024; Xiang et al., 2023).