Three priority research directions include: first, conducting large-scale clinical trials to validate SCFAs’ efficacy and safety across ethnic groups; second, developing microbiome-guided personalized treatments by using metagenomic sequencing to tailor SCFA regimens; third, elucidating molecular mechanisms through single-cell transcriptomics to clarify how SCFAs interact with cytokines such as IL-17 and TNF-α at different RA stages, and mapping SCFAs signaling pathways in synovial tissues. Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.