NFKB1 and osteoporosis: Similar to these findings, this meta-analysis included seven studies investigating the potential mechanisms by which MSC-EVs improve osteoporosis, involving signaling pathways such as MAPK (25, 31), Wnt/β-catenin (21, 28, 37), PI3K/Akt (33), and NF-κB (38) (Figure 10).