As shown in Figure 1D, CTD significantly inhibits the proliferation of a variety of solid tumors and leukemia cells, including liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colon cancer, by inhibiting PP1/PP2A activity, inducing apoptosis, interfering with cell cycle arrest and autophagy (Wu et al., 2014; Shen et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene PTPA and leukemia.