TGFB1 and gastritis: Therefore, this study employed proteomic analysis of gastric mucosal biopsy specimens from H. pylori-infected gastritis patients to preliminarily investigate two key aspects: (Camilo et al., 2017) the potential regulatory role of the TGF-β signaling pathway during H. pylori infection and (Duan et al., 2025) its association with Th17/Treg cell dynamics.