In PD, the brain’s innate immune system becomes dysregulated, with activated microglia and astrocytes being the main drivers of this inflammatory response, and the pro-inflammatory factors they release, such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL1-β, can be involved in disease progression (Araújo et al., 2022; Isik and Yeman Kiyak, 2023). Here, TNF is linked to Parkinson disease.