VEGFA and Alzheimer disease: In humans with advanced AD, it has been shown that treatment with Cerebrolysin® in combination with donepezil (an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor prescribed to mitigate AD symptomatology) normalizes the levels of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) – which increases with AD severity, playing a paradoxical role in the disease (Ali and Bracko, 2022) – while significantly improving cognitive function; however, no therapeutic effects were observed in mild to moderate AD cases (Alvarez et al., 2020).