SPRY1 and neoplasm: Studies have shown that patients with an immune-enriched TME (highly infiltrated lymphocytes, activated IFN-γ signaling) at baseline exhibit better responses to neoadjuvant immunotherapy, with significantly increased pCR rates; lastly, High proportion of exhausted precursor T cells (Tpex): Tumors with minimal circumferential invasion may be enriched with SPRY1+PD1+CD8+T cells (exhausted precursor cells with stem-like properties), which can be activated and expanded by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, driving potent anti-tumor immune responses.