ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CrCl, creatinine clearance; CV, cardiovascular; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; HR, hazard ratio; MAP, mean arterial pressure; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SPRINT, Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; β2m, beta-2 microglobulin. Here, ACE is linked to heart failure.