For example, ccRCC.mes cells induce the transition of pericytes to myofibroblasts through secretion of transforming growth factor – β (TGF-β), IL6-IL6 receptor (R), and growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS6) – AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL), as well as pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK)1-PDK2. Here, TGFB1 is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.