TGFB1 and central nervous system cancer: Notably, there was overexpression of various cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TGF-β and TNF in the patient cohort (Fig. 2C), which was unsurprising given that these cytokines serve primarily immunosuppressive roles in the glioma microenvironment [4].