The selected tumour-promoting genes were: IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β, TNF, VEGFA, VEGFB, EGFR, MMP-9, HIF-1α, NF-κB, and PCNA. The tumour-suppressing mediators measured were IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12A and IL-12B. Here, PCNA is linked to neoplasm.