MMP9 and neoplasm: Of note, TNF and MMP-9 were the most upregulated pro-tumour genes, with expression in tumours being over 40-fold higher than the controls – TNF: 49.28-fold increase, mean LFC = 5.62 ± 0.31, p < 0.0001, 95% CI = 4.81 to 6.44; MMP-9: 44.26-fold increase, mean LFC = 5.468 ± 0.59, p = 0.0002, 95% CI = 3.03 to 7.90.