Additionally, our findings indicate that CSF3 influences the expression of prolyl 4-hydroxylase alpha (P4HA), a pivotal enzyme implicated in collagen synthesis and fibrosis.52 Both P4HA expression and hydroxyproline levels were elevated in IPF patient cohorts and bleomycin-induced mouse models of IPF.53,54 Treatment with CSF3 further increased P4HA expression in human lung fibroblasts, while CSF3 neutralization reduced P4HA levels, indicating that CSF3 plays a crucial role in collagen deposition and ECM remodeling. This evidence concerns the gene P4HA1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.