INS and diabetes mellitus: In analyses conducted across all populations combined, T2D (OR = 2.38; P-value < 5.0 × 10−324) demonstrated the most significant association, followed by T2D-related phenotypes from the endocrine/metabolic phenotype group, including diabetic retinopathy, insulin pump user, polyneuropathy in diabetes, and diabetes mellitus (Table 2 and Fig. 6).