In sensitivity analysis, similar results were obtained when we repeated the analyses using inverse probability weighting (Table S8), after imputing missing values for covariates (Table S9), after excluding individuals with sleep disorders (Table S10) and those who were included in the original brain age estimation model training set (Table S11), and after additionally adjusting for brain MRI assessment centre (Table S12), BMI (Table S13), and APOE ɛ4 (Table S14). The gene discussed is APOE; the disease is sleep disorder.