In terms of biological activity, morroniside has been shown to activate the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in the mouse brain (Li et al., 2023) and decrease AGE-RAGE signaling in a T1D mouse model (Sun et al., 2020); loganin can promote a beneficial hypoglycemic effect through the promotion of glucose uptake in a streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mouse model (He et al., 2016). Here, NFE2L2 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.