Elevated adenosine levels along with NT5E and adenosine receptor (ADORA2B) expression were reported in a diabetic rat model,41 a hypertensive CKD mouse model and human kidneys from patients with CKD with or without hypertension.42 In addition, adenosine levels regulate NT5E and ADORA2B expression through a positive feedback loop by inducing hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. This evidence concerns the gene ADORA2B and chronic kidney disease.