For instance, CAFs secrete factors like IL-6, IL-33, and TGF-β, which activate signaling pathways in tumor cells, promoting tumor progression (Qin et al., 2018; Wei et al., 2018; Landskron et al., 2019; Tan et al., 2020; Song et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.