Additionally, reduced K+ channel (Kv1.5) expression leads to prolonged action potential duration, decreased conduction velocity, shortened effective refractory period, and increased atrial conduction heterogeneity, which can trigger atrial fibrillation, and increased intra-atrial conduction heterogeneity, as reported in studies using CKD animal models [28,29]. Here, KCNA5 is linked to chronic kidney disease.