Mechanistically, trisomy 8 drives overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines including transforming growth factor-β, IL-6, and interleukin-7 receptor in MDS (24), mirroring elevated IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and TNF-α levels in trisomy 8-positive BD patients. Here, IL6 is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.