CD4 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Amongst 20 T2DM patient samples analyzed, all displayed statistically significant higher basal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, TNF-α, and GM-CSF, secreted by CD4+ T cells even in their “resting” state (Figures 2A, B), along with IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10, apart from the slightly higher secretion from CD8+ and CD14+ cells, and were completely absent in healthy controls.