TNF and malaria: To investigate the impact of age on classical monocyte responses to malaria, PBMCs from malaria-naive children and adults were stimulated with P. falciparum-infected red blood cells (pRBCs) and production of IL10, IL6, IL1β, TNF and CCL2 quantified by intracellular staining (children n = 13, adults n = 12, Supplementary Fig. 4a).