–41 Remarkably, IgM antibodies and IgM+ MBCs play an essential role in clinical malaria protection in chronically exposed individuals28. ,30,31 Additionally, PfSPZ vaccine-induced anti-CSP IgM antibodies from semi-immune individuals have been shown to block PfSPZ invasion of hepatocytes in vitro,34 as well as merozoite invasion of erythrocytes in a complement-dependent manner.28 Here, CD40LG is linked to malaria.