Additionally, the antibody profile of semi-immune individuals with normal HbAA compared with HbAS individuals (naturally protected) revealed a modest but significant bias toward a higher TI response (IgM) and a trend toward lower TD and cytophilic antibodies against some P. falciparum antigens, possibly due to their higher exposure to BS, which diminishes the control of infection, reflected in shorter pre-patent periods and more cases of symptomatic malaria. Here, CD40LG is linked to malaria.