Similar exhausted-like phenotypes have also been associated with preserved C-peptide levels in alefacept-treated T1D patients (22), and low-dose ATG (anti–thymocyte globulin) therapy has been shown to induce CD4+ T cell exhaustion (23), further supporting T cell exhaustion as a shared mechanism of immune modulation across distinct immunotherapies in T1D. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.