BCAP31 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: One paradigm is that α cells better handle ER stress and unfolded protein responses (76) and show greater resistance to apoptosis (77), which may be evident by the upregulation of proteasomal components that correlate with α score to a greater extent in T1D than in ND, and the upregulation of markers like BCAP31, BCL2L1, and APIP, respectively (Supplemental Figure 8).