Notably, exposure of KCs to CTB without infection induced a clear shift toward M1-associated gene expression profile exhibited by significant upregulation in all measured representative M1 genes (Tnf, Il6, Nos2, and Irg1), with a corresponding decrease in Arg1 expression along with a significant decrease in NAD(P)H lifetime (Fig. 3A). This evidence concerns the gene ARG1 and infection.