NFKB1 and colitis: Lactobacillus paracasei (L. paracasei) bEVs suppress NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways, downregulating COX-2, iNOS, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), enhance anti-inflammatory mediators (TGF-β, IL-10), mitigating LPS-induced colonic inflammation, and oral administration alleviates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis symptoms, preserving colon length and body weight [97].