TNF and Cognitive impairment: 2023). Thus, to determine whether the therapeutic role of ononin on cognitive defect was linked to the reduced neuroinflammation, we measured the content of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, TNF‐α, and IL‐1β) in the hippocampus, a vital brain region associated with cognition (Pilarzyk et al. 2023). As shown in Figure 7A–F, on postoperative Days 1 and 3, these three cytokines in the hippocampal tissues of surgery‐treated mice were considerably elevated (p < 0.001, n = 6/group), while this increase was significantly reversed at both time points by application of ononin (p < 0.05, n = 6/group).