TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Moreover, the direct role of EMT in regulating PD-L1 expression through epigenetic reprogramming has been correlated with immune evasion in NSCLC [316]. This mechanism involves demethylation of the PD-L1 promoter induced by TGF-β signaling and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression [317].