To date, except for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors in a selective set of patients, the addition of other immunomodulatory agents—such as T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) blockade, multikinase inhibitors, and TGF-β inhibitors—to first-line ICB monotherapy has not yielded significant improvements in NSCLC patients [279–282]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.