TGFB1 and neoplasm: While metastasis is further orchestrated by intricate cell-to-cell signaling and interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) within the tumor microenvironment (TME), including cytokines (such as TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-8), stromal and immune cells, hypoxia, and ECM remodeling—collectively facilitating invasion, intravasation, immune evasion, and colonization at distant organs [161–166].