Contrary to findings in autoimmune disease and cancer(Maruhashi et al. 2022), the blockade of LAG-3 increased the production of Th1-type tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ, but decreased Th2-type and Treg-type IL-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 (Fig. 3D and S3). Here, TNF is linked to cancer.