In summary, in the largest case series of patients with oligometastatic melanoma treated with a single dose of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab, these data demonstrate that a shortened neoadjuvant dosing schedule may allow for an earlier pathological readout of responsiveness to anti-PD 1 monotherapy, while potentially avoiding some of the toxicity seen in both longer dosing schedules or with dual checkpoint blockade.3 This evidence concerns the gene RPL17 and melanoma.