GFAP and dementia: We also examined three p-Tau markers (CP13, PHF1, AT8) associated with early- or late-stage of dementia [51], amyloid-beta (Aβ), microglia (using ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, Iba1), astrocytes (using glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP), vasculature (using alpha-smooth muscle actin, alpha-SMA, a major structural protein expressed by arteries and arterioles [63]), and the glymphatic system (using aquaporin 4, AQP4 [27, 42]).