KRAS and small cell lung carcinoma: In this line, known LUAD driver oncogenic alterations can be found (1) in SCLC tumors, including KRAS and frequent EGFR ( ~ 5%) mutations, as well as ALK or ROS1 translocations; (2) in squamous cell lung cancers (LUSCs),39,40 where EGFR mutations can be detected in 4%–8% of LUSC patients41–43; and also (3) in large cell NE carcinoma (LCNEC) at lower frequencies (Fig. 2a, b).