LPs with stem-like properties appear critical for both tumor initiation and progression.130 A lineage tracing study has identified a rare population of castration-resistant Nkx3-1-expressing luminal cells that function as bipotent stem cells during regeneration and serve as efficient targets for oncogenic transformation, rapidly forming carcinoma following Pten deletion.131 Functional studies using human prostate epithelial cells transplanted into immunodeficient mice, as well as organoid-based transformation assays further support this paradigm. Here, PTEN is linked to neoplasm.