TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The pooled analysis of 22 RCTs, including 1321 individuals with prediabetes and T2DM, showed that probiotic and synbiotic supplementation significantly reduced C-reactive protein (CRP) (WMD: −0.46 mg/L, 95% CI: [−0.77, −0.15], p=0.003), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (WMD: −0.43 pg/ml, 95% CI: [−0.76, −0.09], p=0.012), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (WMD: −1.42 pg/ml, 95% CI: [−2.15, −0.69], p<0.001).