In conclusion, probiotic and synbiotic supplementation significantly reduces inflammatory cytokines (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α) in individuals with prediabetes and T2DM, with the strongest effects observed in those with higher baseline inflammation and longer intervention durations, underscoring the importance of tailoring supplementation strategies to individual inflammation status, intervention duration, and metabolic profile to optimize therapeutic outcomes. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.