Conversely, the expression levels of the ten genes hID3, CD6, MAL, C16orf30, IL7R, CD79B, VPREB3, CCR7, HLA − DQB1, and NELL2 were significantly downregulated in AIS patients compared to the healthy control group, as shown in the volcano plot (Fig 2D). Here, MAL is linked to androgen insensitivity syndrome.