CGAS and atherosclerosis: For instance, the role of the noncanonical STING–PERK axis in vascular remodeling requires further clarification; the bidirectional modulation of STING by gut microbes (e.g., Akkermansia muciniphila) varies across cell types; and not all studies agree on the benefits of cGAS–STING inhibition in diabetic cardiomyopathy or atherosclerosis.