STING1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Although direct evidence linking mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the suppression of the cGAS-STING pathway in T2DM is limited, studies have shown that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCs) promote the polarization of macrophages from an M1 to an M2 state, thereby mitigating islet dysfunction in T2DM mouse models [33].