In a particularly striking example, A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1) infection disrupted proteasomal degradation of hypoxia-inducible-factor-1α (HIF-1α) in the mitochondria of human lung cells (A549) and mouse lung tissue, allowing for accumulation and translocation of this transcription factor (HIF-1α) to the nucleus where it facilitates expression of pro-glycolytic enzymes (37). Here, HIF1A is linked to infection.