Ang II is a critical factor in the renin−angiotensin−aldosterone pathway and excess activation of this system, in association with abnormal inflammatory processes, plays crucial roles in the development and worsening of heart failure, especially HFpEF (Gladden et al., 2018; Komajda and Lam, 2014; A et al., 2018; D'Elia et al., 2015; Feng et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2011; Mishra and Kass, 2021; Schiattarella et al., 2021; Shang et al., 2008; Shyni et al., 2021; Thorp and Filipp, 2025; Tourki and Halade, 2021; Yang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2024; Zhou et al., 2014, 2024). Here, AGT is linked to heart failure.