TNF and tropical spastic paraparesis: In this context, data show that the sera/plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from HAM-TSP patients always display higher protein levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ, MCP-1, RANTES, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 when compared to ACs (58, 73–80).