Collectively, this complex interplay of innate sensing and viral countermeasures orchestrates a potent inflammatory and chemotactic cytokine milieu -comprising IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2, CXCL10, and RANTES - that underlies chronic inflammation in HTLV-1–associated diseases such as ATLL and HAM-TSP (16, 50). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and tropical spastic paraparesis.