In fact, constitutive expression of various pro-inflammatory chemokines in HTLV-1-positive ATLL cells, including MCP-1, MIP-1α/β, RANTES, IL-8 and CXCL10, have been reported and involves the HTLV-1 Tax and Nf-κB signaling pathway in the process (38, 110, 111). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.