These models were chosen based on our prior findings demonstrating LDHA upregulation and/or increased Lac conversion.15 Here, we found that MRS/I of HP [1-13C]Pyr detects increased Pyr-to-Lac conversion in preclinical models, providing evidence for the potential clinical applicability of HP 13C MRSI in mapping of the seizure onset zone and epileptic network in epilepsy. This evidence concerns the gene LDHA and epilepsy.