Differential LDHA expression and elevated lactate production have been previously detected in epilepsy patients in approximately 1 cm3 brain tissue volume, well within the spatial resolution limits of clinical HP 13C MRSI techniques.13,15,23,62,71,72 Once the effectiveness of HP 13C MRSI-assisted resection mapping is established in patients, it will be important to elucidate variability in Lac signals detected in sub-types of epilepsy, such as complex partial versus non-convulsive generalized seizures. The gene discussed is LDHA; the disease is Generalized-onset seizure.