VEGFA and posterior cortical atrophy: In summary, current studies indicate that NPs and TCM primarily inhibit VM formation in PCa by targeting the expression of key VM-related molecules such as VE-cadherin, EphA2, Twist, and MMPs, and suppressing the activation of signaling pathways including JNK/JUN/MMP9 and HIF-1α/VEGFα/MMP-1.