CDH5 and pachyonychia congenita: Ginsenoside Rg3 has been shown to dose-dependently downregulate the expression of HIF-1α and LARS1, block the nuclear translocation of HIF-1α, and inhibit mTOR phosphorylation and the expression of its downstream targets VEGF and VE-cadherin, thereby suppressing VM by targeting the HIF-1α/LARS1/mTOR signaling axis in PC cells (Zhao et al., 2025).