PIK3CD and neoplasm: For instance, some NPs and TCMs exert anti-VM effects by regulating the expression of key VM-related molecules such as VE-cadherin, EphA2, and HIF-1α; inhibiting signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin; suppressing EMT; and destroying the stemness characteristics of tumor cells (Cai et al., 2024; Chu et al., 2021; Gao et al., 2024).