VEGFA and glioblastoma: In addition, studies have shown that Ruta graveolens water extract (RGWE) significantly inhibits VM structure formation in glioblastoma cell lines U87, U251, C6, and patient-derived GBM cancer stem cells (CSCs), with inhibition rates of 65%, 79%, 60%, and 50%, respectively, and also markedly reduces VEGF gene expression levels (Camerino et al., 2024).