GLP-1, however, engages the GLP-1R/ERK1/2/HDAC6 axis to modulate downstream transcriptional activity, it lowers intracellular ROS, reduces Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, restores HDAC6 expression, and thereby alleviates endothelial dysfunction and excessive autophagy (Cai et al., 2018). Here, MAPK3 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.