CYCS and neurodegenerative disease: An emerging theme in many neurodegenerative diseases is that chronic GSK3β activation provokes the irreversible opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), resulting in mitochondrial rupture, cytochrome C release, loss of ATP production, disrupted cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and neuronal death (Perez et al., 2018; Kalani et al., 2018; Kent et al., 2021; Baev et al., 2024; Yang, 2025).