NFKB1 and epilepsy: By inhibiting the synthesis and release of key inflammatory mediators and inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, JNK, and JAK, flavonoids can pass through the blood–brain barrier and offer neuronal protection, which support the potential of flavonoids in epilepsy treatment (Kiriyama et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024).